{"id":3361,"date":"2022-07-06T14:49:14","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T07:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestray.com\/blog\/?p=3361"},"modified":"2024-02-27T16:16:58","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T09:16:58","slug":"tieu-chuan-ve-son-tinh-dien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestray.com\/blog\/tieu-chuan-ve-son-tinh-dien\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n gia c\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1eaft th\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y v\u1eeba gi\u00fap c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn han g\u1ec9, oxy h\u00f3a\u2026 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. V\u1eady s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bestray gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Ti\u00eau
Nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n gia c\u00f4ng<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1. S\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

S\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft, th\u00e9p, k\u1ebdm, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, nh\u1ef1a\u2026 C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec7t d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee9ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u01a1n kh\u00f4. S\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t. Khi \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00fang s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (+), v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1n s\u1ebd t\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (-), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9t s\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u01a1n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Kh\u00e1i
S\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft, th\u00e9p, k\u1ebdm, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, nh\u1ef1a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

2. S\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em \u0111i s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0: s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed3ng, k\u1ebdm, ch\u00ec,\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • H\u00e0ng r\u00e0o, c\u1ed5ng s\u1eaft, ban c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng kim lo\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi<\/span><\/li>\n
  • D\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u00e2y c\u00e1p<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Khung, k\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1eaft, th\u00e9p\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n gia d\u1ee5ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea1t m\u00e1y, l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng, t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    \"V\u1eadt
    Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    3. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n gia c\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    3.1. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n gia c\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ee7 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbp s\u01a1n ph\u1ee7 t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n gia c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xoay quanh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0: \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng s\u01a1n kh\u00f4. M\u1eddi b\u1ea1n tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbp s\u01a1n ph\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    STT<\/b><\/td>\nTi\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/b><\/td>\n\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D3363-92A<\/span><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng m\u00e0ng s\u01a1n kh\u00f4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D3359-93<\/span><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 b\u00e1m d\u00ednh l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D4138-94<\/span><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng s\u01a1n kh\u00f4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    3.2. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i cho nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i gia c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi th\u00f4i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    STT<\/b><\/td>\nTi\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/b><\/td>\nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D7378-10<\/span><\/td>\n\u0110o t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng s\u01a1n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D4138-94<\/span><\/td>\n\u0110o b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D3281-84<\/span><\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n va \u0111\u1eadp cho l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4<\/span><\/td>\nBS EN 10169-1:1997<\/span><\/td>\nQuy chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng m\u00e0ng s\u01a1n kh\u00f4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D523-89<\/span><\/td>\nTr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng m\u00e0ng s\u01a1n kh\u00f4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    6<\/span><\/td>\nASTM D3363-29<\/span><\/td>\nKi\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng s\u01a1n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    7<\/span><\/td>\nASTM 4145-83 & TCVN 2099:1993<\/span><\/td>\nKi\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n khi u\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng s\u01a1n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \"C\u00f3
    Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    4. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    4.1. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Khi ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    V\u1edbi nh\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec7t d\u1ebbo, s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ngay m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c va \u0111\u1eadp, ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u00edt b\u1ecb bong tr\u00f3c khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. S\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec7t d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng hay ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng \u00f4 t\u00f4, xe m\u00e1y\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

    Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, khi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ebfp ch\u00e9o v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tan ch\u1ea3y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1n b\u1ecb gi\u00f2n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. Gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1 m\u1ec1m, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u1edf nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00edt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/span><\/p>\n

    4.2. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    V\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ebbo l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eady n\u00ean t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng. V\u1edbi s\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sau:<\/span><\/p>\n